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Russian Hybrid PESA radars

Russian Hybrid PESA 


There's conflicting reports on what hybrid PESA actually is. There's 3 variants. 


Multiple T/R channels. 

This means that it's similar to AESA in that instead of using just a single whole transmission and receiving channel for beam shaping and steering it uses individual T/R modules made up phase shifters and receivers on the bottom and R/Es on top. 


From AAP. 


"The antenna is constructed using phase shifter and receiver 'stick' modules, a similar technology to early US AESAs"

When talking about N036 Prototype. 

"This example is constructed using TR module sticks, using an arrangement similar to the BARS and Irbis E"


What does this mean though ? Well hybrid PESA can perform limited individual beam steering. So instead of hundreds or thousands of individual beams that are steered individually (AESA) or hundreds or thousands of beams steered as one (PESA) they are of sub groups, that each have hundreds of individual beams with multiple receiving channels that can be individually steered as one group. 

As explained the red lines are the receivers and blue are transmission. In the simplest terms A hybrid array is just a PESA radar that is broken up into mini arrays instead of being a single one. An AESA radar is broken up into hundreds or thousands of arrays. 


How would this work ? 


Traditional PESA has a single transmission and receiving module whilst a hybrid PESA antenna like N011M and N035 have 20. BARS-130 has 10. 

You can see them. 


In AAPs article 



Pictures below. 


Blue means the beam. 

Red means sub array. 


N007 Zaslon 


We see that there is just a single steerable beam. 



N036 Byelka 


We see lots of individual beams that can be steered. 


N035 Irbis-E 



How is this better ? 

Well for one its much less maintenance and offers many benefits, an easy one to visualise is tracking beyond limits. (It should be noted N035 has two transmitters so can utilise two beams) 





Examples.

PESA

It has 1000 phase shifters built into a single module and receiver. These 1000 phase shifters can be steered and shaped as one. 

AESA

it has 1000 phase shifters and receivers that are each their own transmission and receiver module. Each one can be individually steered and shaped. 

Hybrid PESA

It has 1000 phase shifters broken up into individual transmission and receiving modules, it can also have multiple receiving channels and transmitters. These modules can be shaped and steered individually. 

This was similar to AN/SPY-1 in 1973 which had 32 transmitters and 38 receivers with total 4736 R/Es broken up into 148 T/R modules. 

A N011M Bars-M for example has one transmitter and 3 receiving channels with 1660 R/E modules broken up into 20 transmission and receiving modules, that means it can produce, shape and steer 20 individual beams. 

This would offer many of the benefits of AESA without added costs such as 


Low side lobes means techniques to reduce unwanted radiation in directions other than the main beam, improving performance by minimizing energy waste, interference, and false target tracking. 

 ● This allows tracking beyond scan limits and greatly reduces ground clutter giving much better LDSD abilities with options for enhanced LPIR. 


Hybrid beam forming means the signals generated by the analogue phase shifters are digitized at each stick module sub array before processing, allowing for full digital control over phase and signal shape to create multiple beams and signals. 

● This allows improved beam shaping which gives high waveform adaptation and allows higher resolution radar imaging and greatly increased target tracking accuracy. 


High frequency agility 

● This gives higher jam resistance 


Agile beam scanning 

● This gives far better tracking abilities and greatly improves situational awareness 


Sources 


https://www.ausairpower.net/APA-Flanker-Radars.html




AESA/PESA combination. 

This apparently means that it is PESA for transmission but AESA in receiving thanks to multiple individual receiving amplifiers built into the antenna rather than a single receiver built at the back. Basically it uses T/R modules but they have no individual transmission abilities. 

But I can find no official literature on this. 

Benefits would include 

Low side lobes means techniques to reduce unwanted radiation in directions other than the main beam, improving performance by minimizing energy waste, interference, and false target tracking. 

 ● This allows tracking beyond scan limits and greatly reduces ground clutter giving much better LDSD abilities with options for enhanced LPIR. 


Hybrid beam forming means the signals generated by the analogue phase shifters are digitized at each stick module sub array before processing, allowing for full digital control over phase and signal shape to create multiple beams and signals. 

● This allows improved beam shaping which gives high waveform adaptation and allows higher resolution radar imaging and greatly increased target tracking accuracy. 


Sources 




Mechanical/Electronic 

This just means it's mechanically and electronically steered. 

Source 

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